Positive Psychology Has Various Applications In Our Lives.

Positive Psychology has various applications in our lives. One aspect of our life is what we do for a living and our jobs play a significant role in our overall happiness and fulfilment of life. What we do for work determines (in a way) who we are, and what we contribute to the world. It only makes sense that we enjoy what we do for 40 hours (or more) in a week. There have been many studies on how aspects of positive psychology being implemented impact organizations and businesses, and how productivity and enjoyment increase when there is a positive environment for employees to work in. In the workplace there are many detriments to morale, organizational commitment, and productivity. There are a lot of factors that lower the amount of†¦show more content†¦2016.) When this occurs the employees organizational commitment is significantly decreases and therefore they are not as committed to their work and not as productive as they can/should be. This can be the complete death of moral and even more, workplace ostracism increases intention to leave. Another way that employees cope with ostracism is to have an abundance of psychological capital that is established and reinforced outside of the workplace. Psychological capital is a group of resources defined as high self-efficacy, optimism, hope and resiliency. Having all of these resources will enable us to work creatively, efficiently, and creates a positive working atmosphere with others. In 2009 Larry Froman observed a post 2008 economy crash workplace environment (Froman 2010) Froman observed that because of the fear of job loss, the economy in a depression, and little job opportunities created a negative workplace environment that help decrease productivity. Even though this study was done almost 10 years ago, the core traits are still present in today’s workplace. From Froman’s study, an all-encompassing question about positive psychology in the workplace surfaces. How does positive psychology not only diminish the increasing stress of the US economy but also helps people flourish? Because of the fear of job loss, negative work environment, and a poor marketShow MoreRelatedApplications For Mental Health Disorders1518 Words   |  7 Pages Technology in Psychology: Applications for Mental Health Disorders Caroline G. Shriver Appalachian State University Introduction Our world is ever expanding into technology these days and while it can be hard for some to grasp – the overriding benefits that come from embracing technology out weigh the changes that must be made for those less inclined to become â€Å"tech- savvy†. As a psychology major, I have had to work with different computer programs in my research studies and IRead MoreMusic Is The Most Influential Real Life Application Of Music Psychology971 Words   |  4 PagesMusic psychology aims to explain musical behaviour through the understanding of various cognitive processes including perception, performance and memory (Tan, Pfordresher Harrà ©, 2010). The increasing fascination with the relatively new branch of science has generated the question as to whether studying music psychology is useful. It is still very early in terms of its testing and impact to make broad statements, however, it does appear to provide therapeutic support for patients with various disordersRead MoreMy Experience With Applied Psychology1380 Words   |  6 Pages What Applied Psychology Means to Me Applied psychology means various things to me, but more importantly it represents the lense through which we examine the world around us and our relationship with each other. 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We all have the power to choose our destinies 2. client centered therapy 3. The approach attempts to help people gain control of their lives and make positive choices about their direction Humanistic psychologists are different from psychodynamic theorists because they indicate that our lives are not completely determined by genetics, past experiences, or our present circumstance. Humanistic psychology is inspired by psychoanalysis but is independent from it in theRead MorePsychology and Theology1531 Words   |  7 Pages4-MAT Review: Psychology, Theology and Spirituality in Christian Counseling Freda Taylor Liberty University 4-MAT Review: Psychology, Theology and Spirituality in Christian Counseling McMinn, M. (1996). Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling. Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. ISBN: 0-8423-5252-X). Summary The Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling is the thought provoking book of McMinn which was published inRead MoreFactors Affecting Teaching And Leadership Essay1728 Words   |  7 Pages FACTORS AFFECTING TEACHING AND LEADERSHIP Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Theories of psychology of education and learning 4 Benefits of Educational Psychology 5 Constructivism 5 Student Diversity in the Classroom 6 Out-of-School Influences 7 Bibliography 9 Abstract In this assignment, we have tried to list and analyse the factors that affect the teaching and learning of children and young people and evaluate the importance of individual differencesRead MoreMy Interest In School Psychology Is A Sheer Result Of My1747 Words   |  7 PagesMy interest in School Psychology is a sheer result of my experiences at various workplaces and certain decisions I have opted for in my life. These experiences have prepared me to pursue advanced studies in the field, while strengthening my passion and in providing me with the background required to succeed in this important area. In order to achieve my full potential in the field, I look forward to entering MEd/EdS program at the University of Massachusetts, Boston. I immensely enjoy working inRead MoreFacebook : The Positive And Negative Effects Of Facebook Addiction1309 Words   |  6 PagesFacebook has become an essential part of our life. Facebook usage involves both the simple use of the site and the level of cognitive engagement with the site. Its use means the existence of individual users on the social website, frequent visits, time committed to this site, and the kind of activities undertaken. People of different ages interact and exchange information; they share picture and videos, discuss issues, publish an advertisement for groups, chat, and also play existing applications. AccordingRead MoreParis1378 Words   |  6 PagesHappiness By Huang Lu Xin Happiness  is a mental or emotional state of  well-being  characterized by positive or  pleasant  emotions ranging from contentment  to intense joy. A variety of  biological,  psychological and  religious and  philosophical  approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources. Various research groups, including  positive psychology, endeavor to apply the  scientific method  to answer questions about what happiness is, and how it might be attained. Its of

Folly in William Shakespeares King Lear Essay - 2875 Words

Folly in William Shakespeares King Lear In East Coker, T. S. Eliot pleads Do not let me hear / Of the wisdom of old men, but rather of their folly†¦. (Eliot 185) The folly of old men must surely be a central trope in any discussion of Shakespeares imposing tragic accomplishment, King Lear. Traditional interpretations of the play, drawing on the classical Aristotelian theory of tragedy, have tended to view Lears act of blind folly as hamartia, precipitating the disintegration of human society. In the ensuing crisis, the basic ties of nature fall apart to reveal a chaos where humanity must prey on itself like monsters of the deep. and evil is immanent and overflows from the smallest breach of nature. (Mercer 252)†¦show more content†¦But to the extent that we ourselves are leaving behind that Enlightenment battery of critical concepts centered on a transcendent author, transhistorical subjectivity and value, and transparent, single-levelled meaning, then, as has been widely understood, a new early modern period emerges, one in which poems and plays are complexly connected with every other cultural ebb and flow of the time, when authorship was far from an established cultural form, when meaning and interpretation were unstable and disjunctive as the fictive Hamlet and the historical Montaigne insisted, and when the individual self was constituted through processes and logic far less unitary and less stable than those assumed in many of the ideologies of the classical bourgeois epoch. (Grady 8) In this view the Renaissance, as the immediate precursor of modernity, has a special symmetry with the current period (modernitys immediate successor). The early modern period saw a brief emergence of a Renaissance skeptical mentality characterized by the free play of the fragments and shards of the collapsed earlier systems and of newer discourses coming into being. (Grady 17) In the context of such a mentality, King Lear looks less like a stableShow MoreRelatedEssay The Foolishness of Fools in Shakespeares King Lear1706 Words   |  7 PagesThe Foolishness of Fools in Shakespeares King Lear Shakespeares tragedy King Lear is comprised of many distinct themes. His contrasts of light and dark, good and evil, and his brilliant illustration of parallels between the foolishness of the plays characters and society allowed him to craft a masterpiece. Just as well, Shakespeares dynamic use of linguistic techniques such as pun and irony aid this illustration of the perfect microcosm, not only of 16th century Britain, but of all timesRead MoreTheme Of Madness In King Lear976 Words   |  4 Pagesis the result. Ruler of the land, King Lear, betrayed by those he loves, struggles to continue on his life through means of sanity. In William Shakespeare’s play King Lear, madness is brought about through one’s power of authority, self-esteem, and internal conflict. Madness, as a result, is seen when one upholds the highest rank in power. In King Lear, Lear upholds the authority in the kingdom, using his power in forms of abuse, thus resulting in his madness. Lear abuses his power when it is timeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1550 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: By facilitating the growth of evil within William Shakespeare’s King Lear, it is evident that the tragedy’s protagonist, King Lear can be held accountable for his own victimization and ultimate downfall. 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Through an in-depth analysis of Shakespeare’s arguably two most famous fools, Puck (RobinRead More Tragic Figures in King Lear by William Shakespeare Essay1332 Words   |  6 PagesTragic Figures - Good/Evil in King Lear      Ã‚  Ã‚   King Lear, by William Shakespeare, is a tragic tale of filial conflict, personal transformation, and loss.   The story revolves around the King who foolishly alienates his only truly devoted daughter and realizes too late the true nature of his other two daughters.  Ã‚   A major subplot involves the illegitimate son of Gloucester, Edmund, who plans to discredit his brother Edgar and betray their father.   With these and other major characters in theRead More Essay on Blame in Shakespeares King Lear581 Words   |  3 Pages King Lear is To Blame nbsp; In William Shakespeares play, King Lear, the main character, King Lear, claims to be a man more sinned against than sinning(3.2.60-61). Though a good king, King Lears own actions cause his family and kingdom to fall apart. The sins committed against King Lear are a result of his personal faults of rashness, blindness, and foolishness. nbsp; King Lears hot temper and hasty decisions play a significant role in his fall from grace. His old age has causedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1470 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s tragedies accentuate the qualities of human behavior and interactions with others when faced with adversity where the emotions of greed, ambition and madness are strongly expressed. Insight into the character’s psyche and moral values is explored to give understanding of the logic and reasoning behind the ways humans act. 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Similarly, Morrie Schwartz in the popular nonfiction book Tuesdays with Morrie does not fully come to terms with himself and what is valuable inRead MoreEssay foolear Importance of the Fool in Shakespeares King Lear1195 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of the Fool in King Lear    William Shakespeares genius came from how closely he intertwined the two seemingly mutually exclusive realms to appeal to all socio-economic groups in his audience. The character of the Fool provides the closest intercourse of the two realms between King Lears royalty and Poor Toms poverty, while still maintaining their separation. The Fools role in King Lear was to counteract the Kings follies in order to bring him to his senses. With his honesty

Accounting Research and Organization Theory†Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Connecting Accounting Research and Organization Theory. Answer: Introduction The study related to the article Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research aims to provide significant analysis about the positive accounting approach. Within this study, the more importance has been given to the positive accounting approach and a brief description has been given to the difference in the behaviour of human with the various accounting approach. Further, the study described the wider approach for positivist strategies of research that are exposed to various obligations in the practical aspect. The study furthermore divulges that the complexities of accounting approaches care associated with different strategies that are primarily dependent on the hypothesis from the research and the main limitations are associated with the absence of proper numerical values (Bromwich Scapens, 2016). The research has been conducted to analyse the approach of positive accounting effectively and discovered that there are various limitations associated with assistance of the research project. This research will stress on various factors after analysis of the hypothesis aligned with the study along with the justification of various methods to get an even flow of information from the given article. Further the research is carried out to provide an extensive overview of various concepts included in the study and broad analysis of each approaches that are needed for analysis of the the study and draw ending conclusion. Therefore, the framework of the study will assist the reader in getting a broad idea about the different limitations and significance related to research and those are explained with proper justification. The article that is titled as Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research analysed the positive approach in association with the research on accounting. From the article, it is revealed that in the accounting sector, people still practice the positive approach and for attaining the scientific objectives, there exists the obligations related to the selected papers. It has further been noticed that the obligations associated with the positive approach are detailed through the paper by aligning it to the auditing literature. The study also established that it is very important to recognize the obligations for suggesting the final recommendation after the study gets over. Thus, it is noticed that the expected forecast for the revolution of Kuhnhian and the associated limitations are considered and that will help in attaining the approach of positive accounting (Crawford Lepine, 2013). It is detailed under the Popper criterion that the orientation alone is not enough for establishing the correctness of the theory. To be stated in other way, four descriptions can be utilised as method to calculate the inadequacy, error, issues and relativity theory and their internal as well as external effects. Furthermore, it is noticed that the research cannot determine one specific model to be unrealistic unless it is compared with two or more other models. The study further aims to offer detailed analysis about the justification and limitations that are connected with the hypothesis testing. It is further notified that the current study is an adulterate version of the explanation as explained by the acquisition of Popper. It is further noticed that even if the issues related to technologies are get sorted out, there still the likelihood of chances exist that the hypothesis will not succeed. This is primarily because of the reason that each out of every 20 tests will not be accepted due to invalid cause. To be more specific, there exists some inherent risks that are criticised as null hypothesis and are highly depends on the other theories. Therefore, from the research it is clear that for measurement purpose, a better approach for measurement shall be developed to perform the established theoretical approaches under the system of accounting. Research hypothesis are formed to recognize the legitimacy of the positive accounting research. Hypothesis for the current study are formed as: H0: An universe is there, which is outside the thought level of the human being H1: The activities that are performed in the outside world are intended for specific purposes and at the same time are linked with that outside world. H2: Generally, people will be able to gain great level of trustworthy source of information linked with the proceedings that take place globally in organization with attentive observation H3: The intention of logical property that are utilised as explanation for obtaining global idea of the universe. The H0 hypothesis are analysed through creating different examples for the purpose of positive research in the accounting field. It is notified that the procedures for the sensible self-interest are interconnected with various other groups that transmit the outcomes and estimation for analysing the positive accounting approaches. The H1 hypothesis is important for the researcher as it discuss regarding the scientific epistemology and ontology as it explains a key thing that the positive accounting research is not similar in nature and therefore, it is crucial to make sure that the selected research is not sufficient to randomly carry out the study from the out of the universe. Regarding the H2 hypothesis, it is explained that the particular hypothesis is tested through the discussion of testing the hypothesis and fabrication for developing the validity of the activity. It is furthermore crucial for the researcher that with compared to the new outcomes of the given scenario where the old as well as new theories make the particular anticipation. Finally, the H3 hypothesis is crucial as it uses various methods of measurement for analysis of different models. In other words, it can be said that the mental approach can be used for mapping of casual procedures that are taking place around the world regularly. Various frameworks that can be utilised for the achievements of the objectives and aims of the study are as follows Occasion of positive research in accounting Auditors while carrying out the audit make their decisions that are primarily based on the auditing standards, general approach of auditing, experience and analytical skill of the auditor. The performance under the balanced self-interest among the parties is generally taken to a place where they can express their views for different types of organizations. In addition, the selection of accounting approaches are covered under the reports of the management and the price related decisions are taken only after the auditors present with the audited report. Furthermore, it is important to note that the factors related to the facts of the information type helps the investors with regard to their investment decision. Actually this research assumes that the rational behaviour of human is not taken into consideration while the things are carried out under the positive accounting (Miller Power, 2013). On the contrary, it is noticed after performing the required investigation by researcher that the accounting settings are taken place in deficiency of coherent behaviour. For example, the models that are used by the auditor for reaching out the professional judgements; it is crucial to develop a better tool for measurement as against the traditional model to enhance the decision-making quality in near future. Further, the researcher can be from any background and are expected to get exact idea regarding the accounting observation after performing the epistemology and ontology procedure. Various examples can be used as assistance for the demonstration of positive research approach and are much wider compared to positive accounting theory (Needles, Powers Crosson, 2013). Scientific ontology and epistemology The term Epistemology is scientific approach where various approaches are explained that are accessible for getting better idea of the whole world. On the other side, the term ontology states the activities and the connection for answering the questions. Human beings are socially developed through their duties as there is close relationship that explains that explains that the human beings as the social group does not have a purposeful survival and where the activities and the participants are not caused due to any of rational activity. It is recognized that the world cannot be measured by evading the contribution of people and the explanations that are given by the various participants. Difficulties begin from the epistemological as well as ontological methods where the key factor is to gain adequate information regarding the way in which the accounting phenomenon can be an inadequate activity. Various concerns are there that are connected with the approach of positive research as it aims to find out the existing reasons. Further, different researches sections are there that have broad aspects for the objectives that exist during a specific time period. It is thus required to descript the common behavioural where almost all the auditors and accountants are more likely to behave in a projected manner. Thus, various behavioural reasons are there that cannot be recognized in this subjective world (Bonin, 2013). Requirement of effective positive research approach Analytical procedure is required for the research that will help in testing and formation of theoretical approaches. For implementation the analytical process within the positive accounting approach, it is important to consider the epistemology along with ontology to recognize the shift from tractability to plausibility. It is also needed for effective research approach that can be used for resolving the issues identified above that are existed in the field of accounting. It is therefore, suggested that it is required for the up-gradation of measurement approach and not performing it only through process and testing. To consider the accounting approach, there is a business connected with strong publication against the dimension that is not considered while same is linked with the given theory. The key elements for this are the scarcity of resources in accounting segment and insufficiency resources along with that. Limitations and Significance of the study It was recognized from the article that there exists larger gap among the current activities for positive accounting and the need for making applicable contributions to wider rational program. In addition, optimum system for required alteration and up-gradation are not present there. Therefore it is a major issue that after the modification, the rectification cannot be done properly in absence of proper system.This article aims to provide logical information about the scientific research where the research study gets approval only after active participation of various accounting group. The current study helped in evaluation of the fact that there is a need for a theoretical approach that will better and reliable as compared to the current approaches. It is further helped to analyze the positive accounting approach and it revealed that the model is minimized for the current trends that exist among two variables. (Guthrie Parker, 2016). It is identified that within the research various limitations are exist and it is further noticed that the outcome of the research will not direct to changes of human activity in association with the present accounting scenario. It happens owing to the limitations in practical data that are collected from reliable sources. Other limitations that are found in the research is that there is absence of sufficient primary and secondary data that can influence the research quality. Furthermore, the researcher concluded on the basis of the statement of the author, who have his own thinking and judgement regarding the positive accounting approach. Therefore, the quantitative aspects are not taken into account suitably, which is a key aspect in the present circumstances at it helps in analyzing the coming growth factors of the organization. (Rogers Van Buskirk, 2013). Conclusion From the research of the study, it is concluded that the activities of human are rational in practical field and all the things that take place in the world does not take place only due to the positive accounting approach. There is a requirement to establish better measurement criteria for extensive research purpose. It is therefore, crucial to consider the quantitative role of accounting that must be prioritized for future growth aspect of the business. It is suggested that some models that were used under the study must be upgraded in order to get the testing details from the variables of accounting. Therefore, it is a key factor that the concepts that were used must be implemented only after getting the outcomes from the other concepts related to the dependable source. References: Biondi, Y. Zambon, S. eds., (2013). Accounting business economics: Insights from national traditions. Routledge. Bonin, H., (2013).Generational accounting: theory application. Springer Science Business Media. Bromwich, M., Scapens, R. W., (2016). Management Accounting Research: 25 years on.Management Accounting Research,31, pp.1-9. Crawford, E. R., Lepine, J. A., (2013). A configural theory of team processes: Accounting for the structure of taskwork teamwork.Academy of Management Review,38(1), pp.32-48. Gaffikin, M., Aitken, M., (2014).The Development of Accounting Theory (RLE Accounting): Significant Contributors to Accounting Thought in the 20th Century. Routledge. Guthrie, J., Parker, L. D., (2016). Whither the accounting profession, accountants accounting researchers? Commentary projections.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,29(1), pp.2-10. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K., Howieson, B., (2015).Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Miller, P. Power, M., (2013). Accounting, organizing, economizing: Connecting accounting research organization theory. Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), pp.557-605. Needles, B.E., Powers, M. Crosson, S.V., (2013). Principles of accounting. Cengage Learning. Rogers, J.L. Van Buskirk, A., (2013). Bundled forecasts in empirical accounting research. Journal of Accounting Economics, 55(1), pp.43-65.

The Outsider and The Metamorphosis Essay Example

The Outsider and The Metamorphosis Essay In the Outsider and the Metamorphosis, the central characters are indicted by the Universal Pragmatics of society. The Universal Pragmatics are the formal and necessary conditions for an understanding through communication. 1 This is seen as the accepted means of communicating in society, in which ones demeanor is judged on their understandability. Furthermore, this understandability is deemed as intelligent and true. These ways of communication serve as a basis for what our society acclaims as acceptable. Gregor and Meursault distinctively choose an unconventional path, which stand to question the underpinnings of our humanity. In this distinctive way, they stand perpendicular to what our society has commended as the right way and choose a diverse manner of adapting to the external world. The purpose of this essay is to examine the ways that these central characters commune in their environments. In a practical sense, both central protagonists are directly inclined with the physical world, as a means of communication. Meursault, in the Outsider, reacts in a practical manner to the events in his day, rather than being effected by emotional tribulations. Emotion is something that is not ascertained, and cannot be proven in any physical manner. I could feel my eyes getting tired watching the street like this with its mass of people and lights. The street lamps were making reflections on the wet pavement, and the trams, passing at regular intervals, would light up a smile or some shiny hair or a silver bracelet. 2 We will write a custom essay sample on The Outsider and The Metamorphosis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Outsider and The Metamorphosis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Outsider and The Metamorphosis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this passage, Meursault proves to be very detailed with his physical sensations, carefully observing each person who walks by his apartment. His analytical abilities are accustomed to his sensory capabilities, as he is able to capture every observation and objectify them into something that he is able to understand. The street lamps making reflections and the trams passing by are related to a smile, shiny hair, or a silver bracelet. These are things that he is able to understand in his everyday life. Gregor, in the Metamorphosis, strives throughout his life in order to provide. He is obliged as the eldest son to create a living for his entire family, after his father is incapable of working. As shown with his desire for the woman in the fur boa, he secretly yearns to be an independent individual; however it is something that he is not able to physically become. His transition from a human to a bug has proven to change his physical role in the family. and turning half unconsciously and not without a slight feeling of shame, he scuttled under the couch his back was a little crushed3. Gregor has lost his high ranking position in the family, and most importantly his physical human form. His uncomfortable nature shows that he does not belong inside the body of an insect, however, he must adapt for this is what remains available to him. Gregor finds it hard to adjust to his new condition, and therefore he does not accept it. His belief is that he will one day return to being the breadwinner, and this transformation is a temporary measurement. In the meanwhile, he must work through his physical sentiments, seeking for physical satisfaction. However, this physical satisfaction is not achieved, and therefore, he dies, disappearing as unimportant to the family. In the both novels, the protagonists reject the conventionality in society by being antagonistic to their reasoning. Meursault does not seem to be in agreement with what classifies as normal in society. He does not weep at his mothers funeral, nor does he want to see her body before the burial. He also mentioned I hardly ever went to see her any more 4 . In our society, we would view such a person as immoral, which is exactly why he is condemned. Humanity is unable to understand the way Meursault functions; therefore, he is manifested as a danger. He also does not conform to crying, and stands antagonistic towards this demeanor. The woman who was very close to Mrs. Meursault at her death bed went on crying. [Meursault] was very surprised because [he] didnt know who she was. [Hed] rather not have had to listen to her any more. 5 He almost immediately takes a dislike for this woman, who has attached herself to a woman that she does not even know. Meursault rejects this way of expressing emotion because he sees no substantial gain. He does not understand why these people come from all over, sitting in mourn over a dead body, which is getting on [his] nerves. Meursault also resists complying with the vices in society. At his mothers mourning, he drinks coffee. Generally, coffee allows individuals to endure times of stress, and keep them awake. However, Meursault does not abide by these terms, instead it was nice, the coffee had warmed me up and through the open door I could smell flowers in the night air. I think I dozed off for a while. 6 He has complete disregard for what society deems as important and is solely interested in his physical matters. After the transformation, Gregor does not comply with the accepted values in society. Gregor used to enjoy foods such as bread and milk, however, he began to loathe them and turned away from the bowl with repulsion 7 However, he begins to develop a taste for spoiled foods, which we generally would throw away. Gregor soon develops a habit of crawling over the walls and ceiling, which his family is soon accustomed towards. They decided in order to adapt to Gregors transformation, they must remove the furniture in his room, allowing him to be more mobile. This assumption, however, is not intact with Gregors desires, for the furniture is a symbol of his identity. Meursault and Gregor heavily rely on physical means of conveying emotion. Meursault is unable to interpret any sort of emotion, and therefore, he must commune a defense mechanism to combat this. Meursault throughout his mothers funeral mentions the pain in my back was getting worse or my back was aching. 8 Meursault is unable to react to emotion the way society does, instead, he registers the emotion as physical pain, as he becomes more vulnerable to his physical environment. He begins to be affected by the smell of petrol and the glare of the sky reflecting off the road 9. When this occurs, he is unable to tolerate this physical level, and therefore he sleeps, which is cyclical throughout the novel. When he reaches levels of emotional attachment with Marie, again, he begins to dose off. The warmth of her body and the heat of the sun made me doze off a bit. 10 This defense mechanism is habitual when he reaches levels of emotion where he is not in control. In the Metamorphosis, Gregor is isolated from the rest of the world by hiding under the sheets and under the couch. By doing so, he is showing that he is unhappy with his situation in the family; however he is unable to improve it. He believes that he will rid himself as a burden from the family, and he keeps thinking that he will wake up and be human again. This is a defense mechanism for Gregor, because in his life, he has nothing to fall back onto. He is caught between the decision of helping his family and being a free individual, and now in this new transformed state, he is neither. Gregor is ashamed of what he has become; therefore, the fact that he has nothing to say is symbolic of his unimportance to the family. All that he falls back onto is eating, sleeping and crawling around, which is all he is able to do. Meursault, however, when in prison, was able to communicate through his analytical ability and objectification. He was able to analyze his room, every piece of furniture, every scratch, and still able to maintain his dignity. He does not let the intended punishment of the prison affect him, because in his mind, he is innocent. Meursault is able to rely on his captivating imagination, which is something the prison cannot take away from him. Both characters use their auditory senses in order to perceive society. Meursault effectively uses silence and observance as a way to communicate, rather than with assumptions and hastiness. When he is in the prison, he craves for a relationship like the man in the meeting room. The only oasis of silence was just next to me where the young man and the little old lady were gazing at each other 11 . Throughout this section, he is focused upon the communication that this couple is having, because he is feeling rather ill due to the noise around him. In his conversation with Marie, he was merely talking to keep her there longer, for he enjoyed her comfort visually. Gregor is also attracted to the sounds of music that come from his sister when she is playing the violin. This music is able to communicate to him. Through his transformation, he loses his ability to talk with his family and understand them; however, the music from the violin does not leave Gregor. Shortly after this encounter, Gregor has realized that he is unimportant to his family, and that he will not change back to be of aid. This realization drains his will and he succumbs to an injury that he received from his father throwing an apple at him. In these novels, the defiance of conforming to the Universal Pragmatics questions our liability towards this convention. In our societys perspective, we believe that a certain demeanor of communication helps to justify ones credibility. These are seen as sources of intelligence. However, these characters have risen above the ignorance in society by being different, and challenging these Universal Pragmatics.